A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) – suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts

A revised taxonomy of Cenozoic radiolarian families is particular importance because exhaustive molecular phylogenetic analyses for Collodaria, Entactinaria, Nassellaria and Spumellaria have shown high level confidence at family or higher taxonomic ranks. In this sense, study presents a new comprehensive the that integrated classification based on ribosomal marker genes (rDNA) classical morphological taxonomy. However, many names commonly used in radiolarians (Polycystinea) are derived from genera whose type species were never illustrated time generic definition. Obviously, vast majority those cases, “Principle Typification” regulated International Code Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN 1999: Art. 61) cannot be logically applied. This has contributed to century-long misunderstanding about validity taxa (species, and/or family-group names) erected without any illustration drawing their types, huge contribution Ernst Haeckel samples Challenger expedition (1872-1876). Reexamination Haeckel's collection definitively confirmed all original types series (the specimens which established nominal species-group taxon) being nonextant; other words, name-bearing types) restricted illustrations given drawings. Because “types” precious things, taxon lacking (or indication repository) do not ensure recognition species. Following rules recommendations ICZN, these should excluded nomenclatorial taxonomical acts. revision state art proposed (with full synonymy lists) Polycystinea.The list was inventoried 6694 publications (89% whole known references radiolarians). The examined order clarify fix status names; hence rigidly classified as: valid, junior synonym, nomen dubium, nudum, homonym, invalid names. total 372 Cenozoic. These consist 94 valid family-groups, 118 synonym 111 dubium family-groups (mainly artificially created hypothetical conceptual framework), 6 homonym 19 nudum as well 24 addition, one novum et four presented. description 25 been also emended.This outlines advantages an approach Polycystinea by combination both systematics. Based studies, systematic suprageneric arranged follows:a) Order Spumellaria: three Phylogenetic Molecular Lineages (PM = suborders), 13 superfamilies 42 families;b) Entactinaria: PM Lineage, five nine families;c) Nassellaria: Lineages, 16 37 families;d) Collodaria: six families.